package org.basex.query.util.fingertree;

import java.util.*;

import org.basex.query.*;
import org.basex.util.*;

/**
 * A node of a FingerTree.
 *
 * @author BaseX Team 2005-23, BSD License
 * @author Leo Woerteler
 *
 * @param <N> node type
 * @param <E> element type
 */
public abstract class FingerTree<N, E> implements Iterable<E> {
  /** Maximum number of children in an inner node, tested values are 3 and 4. */
  static final int MAX_ARITY = 4;
  /** Maximum length of a digit. */
  static final int MAX_DIGIT = MAX_ARITY + 1;

  /**
   * Returns the empty finger tree.
   * @param <E> element type
   * @return empty finger tree
   */
  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  public static <E> FingerTree<E, E> empty() {
    return (FingerTree<E, E>) EmptyTree.INSTANCE;
  }

  /**
   * Creates a singleton finger tree containing the given leaf node.
   * @param <E> element type
   * @param leaf the contained leaf
   * @return the singleton finger tree
   */
  public static <E> FingerTree<E, E> singleton(final Node<E, E> leaf) {
    return new SingletonTree<>(leaf);
  }

  /**
   * Checks if this node is empty.
   * @return {@code true} if the node is empty, {@code false} otherwise
   */
  public final boolean isEmpty() {
    return this == EmptyTree.INSTANCE;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the element at the given position in this tree.
   * @param index index of the element
   * @return the element
   */
  public final E get(final long index) {
    // iterate down the spine
    long pos = index;
    FingerTree<?, E> curr = this;
    int level = 0;
    final Node<?, E> digit;
    while(true) {
      if(curr instanceof SingletonTree) {
        // we unpack the contained node one level
        digit = ((SingletonTree<?, E>) curr).elem;
        break;
      }

      final DeepTree<?, E> deep = (DeepTree<?, E>) curr;
      // check if index is in left digit
      if(pos < deep.leftSize) {
        Node<?, E> nd = null;
        final int ll = deep.left.length;
        for(int l = 0; l < ll; l++) {
          nd = deep.left[l];
          final long sz = nd.size();
          if(pos < sz) break;
          pos -= sz;
        }
        digit = nd;
        break;
      }

      // check if index is in middle tree
      pos -= deep.leftSize;
      final long mSize = deep.middle.size();
      if(pos >= mSize) {
        // index is in right digit
        pos -= mSize;
        Node<?, E> nd = null;
        final int rl = deep.right.length;
        for(int r = 0; r < rl; r++) {
          nd = deep.right[r];
          final long sz = nd.size();
          if(pos < sz) break;
          pos -= sz;
        }
        digit = nd;
        break;
      }

      // recurse into the middle tree
      curr = deep.middle;
      level++;
    }

    Node<?, ?> nd = digit;
    for(; level > 0; level--) {
      final InnerNode<?, ?> deep = (InnerNode<?, ?>) nd;
      final long[] bounds = deep.bounds;
      int p = 0;
      while(pos >= bounds[p]) p++;
      if(p > 0) pos -= bounds[p - 1];
      nd = deep.children[p];
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    final E res = ((Node<E, E>) nd).getSub((int) pos);
    return res;
  }

  /**
   * Replaces the element at the given position in this tree.
   * @param pos position
   * @param val element
   * @return resulting tree
   */
  public abstract FingerTree<N, E> set(long pos, E val);

  /**
   * The size of this tree.
   * @return number of elements in this tree
   */
  public abstract long size();

  /**
   * Adds an element to the front of this tree.
   * @param fst new first element
   * @return updated tree
   */
  public abstract FingerTree<N, E> cons(Node<N, E> fst);

  /**
   * Adds an element to the end of this tree.
   * @param lst new last element
   * @return updated tree
   */
  public abstract FingerTree<N, E> snoc(Node<N, E> lst);

  /**
   * Returns the first element of this tree.
   * @return first element
   * @throws NoSuchElementException if the tree is empty
   */
  public abstract Node<N, E> head();

  /**
   * Returns this tree removing the first element.
   * @return updated tree
   */
  public abstract FingerTree<N, E> tail();

  /**
   * Returns the last element of this tree.
   * @return last element
   * @throws NoSuchElementException if the tree is empty
   */
  public abstract Node<N, E> last();

  /**
   * Returns this tree removing the last element.
   * @return updated tree
   */
  public abstract FingerTree<N, E> init();

  /**
   * Concatenates this finger tree with the given one.
   * @param mid nodes between the two trees
   * @param size sum of the sizes of all nodes in the middle array
   * @param other the other tree
   * @return concatenation of both trees
   */
  public abstract FingerTree<N, E> concat(Node<N, E>[] mid, long size, FingerTree<N, E> other);

  /**
   * Creates a reversed version of this tree.
   * @param qc query context
   * @return reversed tree
   */
  public abstract FingerTree<N, E> reverse(QueryContext qc);

  /**
   * Inserts the given value at the given position into this tree.
   * @param pos position to insert at
   * @param val value to insert
   * @param qc query context
   * @return resulting tree
   */
  public abstract FingerTree<N, E> insert(long pos, E val, QueryContext qc);

  /**
   * Removes an element from this tree.
   * @param pos position of the element to remove
   * @param qc query context
   * @return resulting (potentially partial) tree
   * @throws AssertionError if this tree is empty
   */
  public abstract TreeSlice<N, E> remove(long pos, QueryContext qc);

  /**
   * Extracts a slice from this tree containing the {@code len} elements starting with that at
   * position {@code pos}.
   * @param pos position of the first element
   * @param len number of elements
   * @return resulting slice
   */
  public abstract TreeSlice<N, E> slice(long pos, long len);

  /**
   * Replaces the first node in this tree.
   * @param head new first node
   * @return resulting tree
   */
  public abstract FingerTree<N, E> replaceHead(Node<N, E> head);

  /**
   * Replaces the last node in this tree.
   * @param last new last node
   * @return resulting tree
   */
  public abstract FingerTree<N, E> replaceLast(Node<N, E> last);

  /**
   * Recursively constructs a finger tree from an array of nodes.
   * @param <N> node type
   * @param <E> element type
   * @param nodes node array
   * @param n number of nodes in the array
   * @param size size of all nodes combined
   * @return constructed tree
   */
  static <N, E> FingerTree<N, E> buildTree(final Node<N, E>[] nodes, final int n,
      final long size) {

    if(n == 0) return EmptyTree.getInstance();
    if(n == 1) return new SingletonTree<>(nodes[0]);
    if(n <= 2 * MAX_ARITY) {
      final int mid = n / 2;
      @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
      final Node<N, E>[] left = new Node[mid], right = new Node[n - mid];
      Array.copy(nodes, mid, left);
      Array.copyToStart(nodes, mid, n - mid, right);
      return DeepTree.get(left, right, size);
    }

    final int k = Math.min((n - MAX_ARITY) / 2, MAX_ARITY);
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    final Node<N, E>[] left = new Node[k], right = new Node[k];
    Array.copy(nodes, k, left);
    Array.copyToStart(nodes, n - k, k, right);
    final long leftSize = DeepTree.size(left), rightSize = DeepTree.size(right);

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    final Node<Node<N, E>, E>[] outNodes = (Node<Node<N, E>, E>[]) nodes;
    final int remaining = n - 2 * k, ns = (remaining + MAX_ARITY - 1) / MAX_ARITY;
    for(int i = 0, j = 0; i < ns; i++) {
      final int rem = ns - i, sz = (remaining - j + rem - 1) / rem;
      @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
      final Node<N, E>[] ch = new Node[sz];
      Array.copyToStart(nodes, j, sz, ch);
      outNodes[i] = new InnerNode<>(ch);
      j += sz;
    }

    final FingerTree<Node<N, E>, E> middle = buildTree(outNodes, ns, size - leftSize - rightSize);
    return new DeepTree<>(left, leftSize, middle, right, size);
  }

  /**
   * Adds all nodes in the given array to the given side of this tree.
   * @param nodes the nodes
   * @param size sum of the sizes of all nodes in the array
   * @param left insertion direction, {@code true} adds to the left, {@code false} to the right
   * @return resulting tree
   */
  abstract FingerTree<N, E> addAll(Node<N, E>[] nodes, long size, boolean left);

  @Override
  public final String toString() {
    final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
    toString(sb, 0);
    return sb.toString();
  }

  /**
   * Recursive helper method for {@link #toString()}.
   * @param sb string builder
   * @param indent indentation depth
   */
  abstract void toString(StringBuilder sb, int indent);

  /**
   * Checks that this tree does not violate any invariants.
   * @return number of elements in this tree
   * @throws AssertionError if any invariant was violated
   */
  public abstract long checkInvariants();

  /**
   * Creates a {@link ListIterator} over the elements in this tree.
   * @param start starting position
   *   (i.e. the position initially returned by {@link ListIterator#nextIndex()})
   * @return the list iterator
   */
  public final ListIterator<E> listIterator(final long start) {
    return FingerTreeIterator.get(this, start);
  }

  @Override
  public final ListIterator<E> iterator() {
    return listIterator(0);
  }

  /**
   * Writes a string representation of the given object to the given strun builder.
   * @param obj object to write
   * @param sb string builder
   * @param indent indentation level
   */
  static void toString(final Object obj, final StringBuilder sb, final int indent) {
    if(obj instanceof InnerNode) {
      ((InnerNode<?, ?>) obj).toString(sb, indent);
    } else if(obj instanceof PartialInnerNode) {
      ((PartialInnerNode<?, ?>) obj).toString(sb, indent);
    } else {
      boolean fst = true;
      for(final String line : obj.toString().split("\r\n?|\n")) {
        for(int i = 0; i < indent; i++) sb.append(' ').append(' ');
        sb.append(line);
        if(fst) fst = false;
        else sb.append('\n');
      }
    }
  }
}
